沉香 AGARWOOD GAHARU ( 续 )

沉香 AGARWOOD  GAHARU  ( 续 )

沉香木的形成：

 沉香木这么稀奇而珍贵的东西，到底是如何形成的呢？记者向专家请教沉香木的种植、沉香木是如何形成的，等问题？
专家介绍：沉香木生长环境特别，沉香是沉香木树干被真菌侵入寄生，发生变化，经多年沉积形成的香脂，沉香木的价值很高，
它是具有驱秽避邪、调中平肝作用的珍贵药材，如今已很稀少。

沉香木按其结成情况不同一般可分为六类：

“土沉”、“水沉”、“倒架”、“蚁沉”、“活沉”、“白木” 等。

沉香木的价值很高，沉香木神秘而奇异的香味集结着千百年天地之灵气，有的馥郁，有的幽婉，有的温醇，
有的清扬等等。沉浸在这种种异香的氤氲中，古人熏香沐浴的恬然，焚香品饮的雅致渐渐浮现脑海，
耳边仿佛传来曾被贬居海南的苏东坡对沉香木的涵咏：金坚玉润，鹤骨龙筋，膏液内足.

沉香木简介：

 国产沉香木，又名沉水香、沉香木、耳香、上沉、白木香、海南沉香、女儿香、莞香、岭南沉刀香。

沉香木来自瑞香科植物白木香Aquilariasinensis（Lour）Gilg的含树脂的心材。国产沉香木的产地主要是海南省，
在宋代之前，海南沉香木一直是朝廷贡品。

土沉香分为一号香（质重香浓）、二号香（质坚香浓）、三号香（质较松、香味佳）、
四号香（质浮松、香淡）四种规格。其状不规则，表面多呈朽木状凹凸不平，有刀痕，偶有孔洞，
可见黑褐色树脂与黄白色木质相间的斑纹。

进口沉香木简介：

又名沉水香、燕口香、蓬莱香、密香、芝兰香、青桂香等（以上为文献名）。来自瑞香科植物沉香

（Aquilaria agal- lochaRoxb）的含树脂的心材。进口沉香木的产地：主产于印度尼西亚、马来西亚、
新加坡、越南、柬埔寨、伊朗、泰国等地。

印度尼西亚、马来西亚、新加坡所产的沉香木习称新州香，质量最好，燃之香味清幽，并能持久。
越南产的沉香习称会安香，质量稍次，燃之香味甚善，带有甜味，但不能持久。

进口沉香木多呈圆柱形或不规则棒状，表面为黄棕色或灰黑色；质坚硬而重，能沉于水或半沉于水；
气味较浓，燃之发浓烟，香气强烈。进口沉香性微温，味苦辛。具有行气止痛、温中止呕、纳气平喘的功效，
药效比白木香佳。

沉香木自古以来就是非常名贵的木料，亦是工艺品最上乘的原材料。明、清两代，宫廷皇室皆崇尚用此木制成各类文房器物，
工艺精细，与犀角制作相同。由于沉香木珍贵且多朽木细干，用之雕刻，少有大材。

因此在拍卖市场上一旦有沉香木制作的大件物品出现，往往会有令人惊讶的表现。

沉香木的市场价格

福建惊现沉香木龙床，售价5亿。可见沉香木的价格极其昂贵。但沉香木的价格，要根据沉香木的分类而定，

不同沉香木市场价格不同。

绿檀：生长在美洲，木质细腻，具有很浓的绿檀香味，经久不散，有特殊处理当沉香木卖的。

            沉水。目前市价不高，无大件，大件易裂。

大叶檀：蔷薇木，大叶檀纹理较粗些，颜色紫褐色，褐纹较宽，脉管纹粗且直。打磨后有明显脉管纹棕眼。

小叶檀：紫檀木，俗称小叶檀；小叶檀木纹不明显，色泽初为橘红色，久则深紫色如漆，几乎看不出年轮纹。

                脉管纹极细，呈绞丝状如牛毛。小叶檀细分为：牛毛纹小叶檀，檀香紫檀。

                檀香紫檀为上品木质极细，易出光泽，价格较高。

俗称的金星紫檀并非一个品种，而是树木生长环境造成的，因为它生长在具有丰富矿物质的地带，
存留在脉管里的矿物质呈现出黄色的纹或棕眼，所以民间俗称“金星紫檀”。比重比其他的紫檀大，价值极高。

沉香木鉴别：

 有读者问，如何鉴别沉香木呢？目前沉香木赝品越来越多，真正的沉香木可以随着时间的流逝越来越香，

而赝品沉香味不久就消失变淡了。真正的沉香木色泽会随着时间的推移而越来越深，油脂线也会越来越多，

这些都是沉香木鉴别真伪的重要标准。

Agarwood

Agarwood , also known as oud, oodh or agar, is a dark resinous heartwood that forms in Aquilaria

and Gyrinops trees (large evergreens native to southeast Asia) when they become infected with

a type of mould. Prior to infection, the heartwood is relatively light and pale coloured; however,

as the infection progresses, the tree produces a dark aromatic resin in response to the attack,

which results in a very dense, dark, resin embedded heartwood. The resin embedded wood is

commonly called gaharu , jinko, aloeswood, agarwood, or oud (not to be confused with 'Bakhoor')

and is valued in many cultures for its distinctive fragrance and thus is used for incense and perfumes.

  

  One of the main reasons for the relative rarity and high cost of agarwood is the depletion of the wild
  resource. Since 1995 Aquilaria malaccensis, the primary source, has been listed in Appendix II
 (potentially threatened species) by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
 Wild Fauna and Flora. In 2004 all Aquilaria species were listed in Appendix II; however,
  a number of countries have outstanding reservations regarding that listing.

The odour of agarwood is complex and pleasing, with few or no similar natural analogues.

As a result, agarwood and its essential oil gained great cultural and religious significance in

ancient civilizations around the world, being mentioned throughout one of the world's

oldest written texts – the Sanskrit Vedas from India.

WHY INVEST IN AGARWOOD ?

1) Agarwood is the most expensive resinous wood in the world.

2) Agarwood consumption has increased 25 times over the last 40 years.

3) The global population is expected to increase by 3 billion over the next 40 years.

4) Global demand for agarwood exceeds supply.

WHAT IS AGARWOOD ?

 Agarwood are also known as Agarwood from Aquilaria genus. Agarwood is a kind of resin which

 forms a natural consequence of the reaction to the attacks agarwood tree fungus /bacteria (disease).

 Plants attacked by spreading a smell of oil to protect the injured body part (either the root, stem,

 branch, etc.) where the oil will eventually become hard (resin). Resin material that is produced

 consists of a sari or the diffusion of aromatic resin known as agarwood.

USE OF AGARWOOD

 Agarwood is used in various ways, including traditional medicine, art and artifacts,

 artifacts essential oil. Agarwood burned to produce a fragrant odor since time immemorial by the

 Chinese, Arab, India and Japan which are widely used in festivals, customs and religion.

 Starch is extracted from agarwood oil was used as a perfume ingredient. For example, oil "Attar",

 which is water-based perfume containing agarwood oil extract. Perfumes are widely used by

 Muslims and other religion.

VALUE OF AGARWOOD

 At the core of the local market based on quality agarwood sold, divided certain grades of between

 RM3,000.00 to RM165,000.00/kg. Starch extracted oil is also sold on the quality according to

 certain grades of between RM350.00 -RM1200.00/tola/12 ml. Pieces of wood based on the

 quality agarwood sold according to grade from RM5 - RM30/kg.

PLANTING SYSTEM

 Three types of crop systems that can run a crop monoculture, mixed cropping with species of

 herbs and other medications, as well as the integration of crops with agricultural plants such as

 rubber, fruits and vegetables. Crop patterns may be in row crops or batch plants.

 GAHARU

Minyak Gaharu / Agarwood / Oud Oil
Minyak Gaharu atau Agarwood/ Oud Oil dikelaskan kepada beberapa kelas dan harga tertentu.
Kelas A ;  Kelas B ;  Kelas C ;  Kelas D
Harga standard untuk minyak  Gaharu adalah seperti berikut :-
          10  ml =  RM      350 - RM      500
       1000 ml =  RM 35,000 - RM 45,000

Apakah itu Gaharu ?
Berasal dari perkataan Sanskrit iaitu "Aguru" yang bermaksud kayu berat ( tenggelam ). Gaharu dikenali dengan nama
Agarwood, Aloeswood, Eagleswood, Jin-Ko (Jepun), Oud ( Arab ).Gaharu adalah sejenis kayu dengan berbagai bentuk jaluran warna khas, serta memiliki kandungan damar berupa aloe-resin yang akan mengeluarkan bau aroma khusus apabila dibakar. Ia berasal daripada pokok hidup yang dihinggapi penyakit, kulat, bakteria, kuman dan sebagainya. 
Pada umumnya, Gaharu dihasilkan daripada pokok spesies karas ( Aquilaria spp. ) dan Cendana ( Gyrinops spp. ).

Bagaimana Gaharu terjadi ?
Proses terjadinya Gaharu adalah akibat pokok yang terluka atau diserang penyakit. Terbentuknya Gaharu dimulai dari
masuknya kulat ke dalam jaringan pembuloh kayu ( vessel ). Untuk terus hidup, kulat memakan cairan sel dalam saluran
pokok sebagai sumber tenaganya. Secara perlahan-lahan hilangnya cairan sel tersebut akan mengurangkan atau
terhentinya penghantaran makanan ke daun-daun. Sel-sel yang isinya sudah dimakan oleh kulat akan membentuk suatu
kumpulan sel mati pada jaringan pembuloh kayu. Hasil tindak balas kimia dalam kayu tersebut akan menghasilkan resin
atau damar wangi yang dinamakan Gaharu dan apabila dibakar, ia akan mengeluarkan aromanya yang ttersendiri.